GFR and Ret51

A) GFR and Ret51 both are receptors, GDNF is found to promote PNS development and kidney morphogenesis through the receptor complex consisting of GDNF family receptor 1 (GFR1) and the other receptor tyrosine kinase (Ret). Ret signal transduction is increased by translocation of GFR. GFR-mediated Ret activation is essential too for the kidney morphogenesis and for various other functions of abdominal precursors that form abdominal nervous system. Also, GFR has many lipid rafts because its GPI anchorage, but Ret is expelled from lipid rafts. In this paper, the gene replacement for GFR in mice results GDNF resulting in Ret activation but prevented its translocation into lipid rafts. These mice showed renal agenesis, and other disorders including loss of the enteric nervous system, and defects in motor neuron axon path similar to GFR mice that was knocked out, all this provided evidence along with lipid rafts GFR is also needed for neurotrophic factor signaling. B) Primary considerate neurons secluded from Gfr1and Gfr1TM/TM mice were maintained in vitro for some days. Then they treated the neurons with GDNF or medium for exact time of 15 minutes. The Detergent-resistant membranes quarantined from the neurons were examined by immunoblotting for Ret51. The comparative purity of detergent resistant and detergent soluble fractions was confirmed by using immunoblotting for caveolin and transferrin receptor, respectively B, the experiments shown in A, were computed and graphed. Otherwise, Substantial decline in the amount of Ret51 was recorded statistically that translocated into lipid rafts while GDNF stimulation in Gfr1TM/TM neurons compared with Gfr1 neurons. Similar Results were obtained after performing the experiment four times.Moreover, Lipid raft translocation experiments were performed to prove the concept that GDNF/GFR1/Ret complex does not translocate into lipid rafts in Gfr1TM/TM mice. Primary sympathetic neurons from Gfr1/ and Gfr1TM/TM mice were used to extract detergent-resistant membranes. Upon stimulation of Gfr1/ neurons with GDNF, Ret translocated quickly into lipid rafts. This was a contrast to Gfr1TM/TM neurons that an evident reduced movement of Ret into the detergent-resistant was recorded because of GDNF exposure. A small portion of Ret that did translocate into lipid rafts while stimulation may be owing to Ret kinase-dependent translocation of Ret into rafts that occurs with slower movements. There was a significant, 75% reduction in the kinetics of the Ret receptor complex into lipid rafts during GDNF exposure in Gfr1TM/TM neurons according to computation made by these experiments. C) The negative control design here for confirming the results that Ret doesn't translocate into lipid rafts during GFL activation in Gfr1TM/TM neurons, the primary sympathetic neurons isolated from Gfr1/and Gfr1TM/TM mice will be grown in the same way as test ones, with the only difference that there will be no treatment with GDNF or medium for 15 minutes, and the impact of this will confirm the result to much greater extent upon immunoblotting.

Building and Planting Vegetable Gardens

The structure of your vegetable garden does not have to be entirely functional but it should also look and feel good. Building some decorative arches and some tomato cages not only makes your garden look good but also helps it produce more crops. After all, there is more to planting vegetable gardens than just cultivating a spot of land. Function Over Form The most well known form garden structures are those that are built to sustain plants and give them the room to climb, hold up the weight of its fruits and other plants as well. Building cages and poles lets you have a vertical garden which boosts your produce per square foot since you’ll have more space to plant in the ground. Vegetables like cucumbers, peas, peppers and eggplants need lots of garden support. Carrying these vegetables above ground not only will produce better crop it also protects it from insects found in the soil. Plus, the fruits will be less likely to rot if planted this way. Building other support structures like stakes and cages will help in making your plants grow stronger and taller. Choose Your Structure. If you plan to shop for things for your garden online or in a garden store, you’ll notice how many choices there are when it comes to garden structures. A great online garden resource is a company called Garden Supply Company. Not only do they have a mail-order catalogue, they make trellises for plants like cucumbers that serve as a shade to neighboring plants, tomato cages, spiral supports, bean towers, maypoles and others. Garden structures may vary especially in terms of form and function because they not only are very supportive of plants it also makes your garden look ood. The best kind of garden is not only beautiful, but also enhances the health of the vegetables planted there. Form over Function There are so many options when it comes to building your vegetable garden especially if you’re purpose is purely aesthetic. You can build ornaments like arches, trellises or archways to beautify your garden. You can even build walls or doorways to surround your garden for a more visual appeal. For gardens like these, you can decorate them with plants aside from vegetables. You can plant beautiful flowers to cover your trellis but choose flowers that are sun friendly and attract helpful insects. An example is trumpet flowers, which are not only beautiful but they attract bees for your vegetable garden. Since you also want to attract helpful creatures, you can build a bird bath or a bird house in your garden. If you’re particularly into organic gardening, the birds can certainly help eliminate pests As long as you keep your garden attractive to birds and other helpful insects, they will spend a lot of time in your garden and repay you by eating away harmful pests. Supporting Your Plants Building plant supports are essential garden structures which is why it’s necessary to use them in the proper way to maximize results. This does not mean building stakes or cages in the ground and leave the plant to grow on its own. There are other materials like plant ties, jute cords or twines which you can use to tie up your plant to the cages or poles but don’t tie them too tight. Another great support when it comes to planting vegetables gardens are stakes. Make sure to drive them properly into the ground and space them a little further from your main plant to avoid hitting its roots.

The Price by Arthur Miller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Price by Arthur Miller - Essay Example Miller’s "The Price" is one of the most entertaining and engaging plays adapted since 1968. Although it was one of Miller’s lesser-known works, it is worthy to have a space in center stage. The play deals with the family’s old wounds and confrontations of consequences of decisions made in the past. It also depicted how people place blame on others when their lives turn off the course. Garry Hynes’ direction of The Price did not deviate from the original script written by Miller. Her choice of well-seasoned actors for the characters is well acclaimed. Her cast includes Sam Robards, John Bedford Lloyd, Kate Burton and Alan Mandell. Sam Robards played the character of Victor Franz who grew up with envy and antagonism towards his brother Walter. He was able to portray Victor’s character very well. His actions were well calculated and with good energy such that in the part where he hit a brick wall that he built by himself. He attacked the character of Victor with resentment in a manner that the audience can really see and feel. He carried the night and became the heart of The Price. John Bedford Lloyd played the character of a successful, wealthy doctor and brother of Victor, Walter Franz. He was very mysterious in character such that the audience cannot clearly point it out if his intentions were selfless or manipulative. He made sure he does prematurel y expose the complications of Walter’s character. He was able to bring out the character in timing rightly. Kate Burton, who played Victor’s wife Esther, moved the character back and forth from being a caring wife and a condescending drinking wife who wants to leave Victor. She was constantly pushing his husband to succeed and stop embarrassing her. Alan Mandell flawlessly portrayed the lovable character of an eighty-nine-year-old appraiser of antique and furniture named Gregory Solomon.  

CREATING AND STARTING A NEW BUSINESS VENTURE Essay

CREATING AND STARTING A NEW BUSINESS VENTURE - Essay Example We will focus on selling wine directly to the customers and also they can order the product through telephone and our website. During the initial stage, my agency will concentrate only on sales and marketing of wines. We will make a commitment of offering innovative services to our customers. They can get wine cases delivered to their homes or party areas and offices. We will offer free delivery service to all customer orders irrespective of the quantity or value of the order. Our main strategy in business is to evolve a membership scheme for our customers on yearly, quarterly or monthly basis. The customers can become members of our club and our membership will be categorized into three types i.e. platinum, gold and silver. The members will be issued with a card through which they can place the orders and they will get yearly dividend. We will get the products supplied through several manufactures so that we can meet the personalized requirement of each customer and sell through our outlets and other sellers and restaurants. We intend to start our wine shop in London because of the ever growing demand for wine in this area. At the initial stage of our business, we will concentrate only on sales and after getting a market share we will try to produce our own brand apart from selling vintage wine of a specific group of elite clientele. Our aim will be to provide the best quality wine from good wine producers across the globe at a reasonable price in London and also to facilitate free any time delivery to attract large volume of customers. From a market survey it has been revealed that the marketability of wine in the London city and its other parts is quite high, especially in the case of vintage wines. There are a lot of clubs, restaurants and other organizations where wine is consumed in large quantity. Most of the

Search warrents Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Search warrents - Research Paper Example However, the warrant need not specify the manner in which the search shall be conducted. The law indicates vital processes and investigation methods which the officer must have at the back of his or her mind if a successful criminal investigation is needed. The officer must obtain clear definitional issues along with the identification and evaluation of the types and sources of information required in criminal investigations (Rotenberg, 2002). The criminal justice processes in the real sense do vary from state to state. However, the general rules and procedures for criminal justice develop in the following stages: Investigation: A person, for instance, who has seen contraband products ferried across the borders and kept in a specific building, may call law enforcement officers in order to report the crime. An investigation shall therefore be launched based on the witness’s complaint. Search warrant: If the investigating officers believe that there is evidence based on the witn ess’s claim, they may try to obtain a search warrant from the court allowing them to search the premises. The presiding judge shall review the information submitted by the police officer in the affidavit whether there is probable cause to support it (Rotenberg, 2002). ... If an officer has a probable cause to believe that the person in question has committed a crime, even if the crime was not committed in his or her presence, the officer may arrest the suspect. Indictment: Officers may decide to file criminal charges either before or immediately after arresting the suspect. In most cases, the criminal justice process will start by filling a complaint or information, and then followed by a rand jury proceedings resulting in an indictment or a preliminary hearing (Rotenberg, 2002). Arraignment: This is usually the presentation of the charges in an open court. This proceeding may be called preliminary hearing but depending on the state in question. During this time, the charges are read to the accused person by the judge and asked either to plead guilty or not guilty. Mostly, the accused lawyer may be present, or the lawyer appointed by the court to represent the defendant. The accused person often is asked to present a security called bail. Bail is put forth just to ensure that the accused person shows up for further criminal proceedings, which might include trial and sentence (Pitowsky, 2002). Mostly the bail is in the monetary nature, and can either be paid in cash, in the form of bail bond or as a pledge of property if at all the court allows this form of security. Requirement of a search warrant in United Kingdoms and USA Requirements of search warrant normally differ depending on the state. Take United Kingdom for example, search warrants are issued by the local magistrate and requires a constable to provide an evidence to support the warrant application. In many cases where the police officer has already held an accused in custody, searches of the premises can be made without warrant

Case in technical and ethical issue of financial accounting Study

In technical and ethical issue of financial accounting - Case Study Example A reflection of imperfect information on the financial records can affect the concurrent transactions and cost. Accountants are guided by a set code of ethics in their roles. Ethical behavior among accountants is vital to prevent fraudulent activities and gain public trust in the management of any business venture (CIMA, 2010). Professionals serving in the accounting department have a great responsibility to the public in general. Public trust emanates mostly on the information given to them by accountants. Based on the case of JINX Magazine Corporation, the operating manager persuades the accountant to fulfil his request by giving a contradicting financial statement. The conduct is against the norms and ethics that should be upheld by accounting professionals. Accountants have an ethical obligation not to present erroneous and conflicting statements intentionally. There is no justification in supported of professional accountants’ conduct that defies the rules of accounting. They should not do that irrespective of any compulsion from the authority or other parties. Furthermore, accoun tants should observe ethical conduct by maintaining records that are not falsified. Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA). (2010). Code of ethics. Retrieved April 3, 2015 from

How does joining the European Union affects a country's right to trade Essay

How does joining the European Union affects a country's right to trade - Essay Example Citizens of these countries are allowed to move freely hence able to provide there services in any of the member states without much restrictions. However, there are a number of legislations which impede trading between European Union members and non member states (Federation of American Scientists). There are requirements provided by EU which affects rights to trade for member states. For instance democracy should be upheld, stable institutions, respect for human rights and rule of law. The country must be able to cope with market forces and competition existing within the union. The union members are also to observe environmental issues before trading. Furthermore as a contribution to a sustainable environment, EU members have to observe certain guidelines before trading with other non member countries. If these countries do not meet the requirements then there will be no trading between the countries. In support of reduction in greenhouse gas emission EU ensures special tariff rates for countries that have ratified global environmental agreements (Europa). In addition there are a number of criteria which have to be observed by EU countries before issuing trading licenses to non member countries. These criteria to a greater extend impede trading. They include abiding by international commitments such as sanctions, respect for human rights and national security of nations etc. There have been efforts by the European Union to ensure that third countries develop democratic parliamentary institutions. Respect for fundamental rights and democratic principles are laid down as â€Å"essential element to all the agreements reached upon by the respective governments (European Commission). As much as these principles are essential in addressing pertinent issues in the society it hinders trade between nations. Member states from EU may shun from trading

Difference between men and women in the workplace Essay

Difference between men and women in the workplace - Essay Example (Wirth, N.D.). It is thus increasingly found that a handful of women tend to occupy the managerial positions on a global scale in comparison to men. In this context the paper makes an inference into the causes, which has led to the emergence of gender disparity in the managerial positions. One of the key reasons behind the under representation of women at managerial positions of big corporations is the age factor. It is often seen that the women employees competing for managerial positions tend to be quite young which act as an obstacle in letting them occupy senior positions. The male managers quite old and experienced are found to have a steady access to such positions. It is seen in a global context that women tend to occupy a mere 20 percent of the total global workforce. It is also found that the gender gap widens proportionately to the increase in job responsibility. (Wirth, N.D.). In recent times the society has developed itself from the past in letting women gain access to better education and in revision of social customs like early marriages promoting development of the women race. This in turn has made women capable of applying to managerial positions. Yet, women who become married find it much harder to reach the managerial pinnacle in spite of having the required capabilities. The reason behind such a pitfall is their need to address both the family and their career simultaneously. Need to rear their children coupled with other family needs act as an obstacle in the path of progress. (Wirth, N.D.). In other cases, the organizations are constituted in a manner as to provide a male image to the senior positions of the company. To fulfill the above criteria the interview board takes conscious decisions to impart a picture of gender bias while selecting personnel for the senior post. (Broughton & Miller, March, 2009).

Corporal Punishment Essay Example for Free

Corporal Punishment Essay For hundreds of years, it has been customary for a child to receive a spank or slap as a form of discipline, one that parents of all cultures have used. Corporal punishment of a child by a parent or teacher has been legal in Canada since 1892, though 51% of Canadians believe that the use of corporal punishment does not reflect the attitude of Canada’s majority (Barnett). In recent years, corporal punishment has had more investigation, showing that, â€Å"corporal punishment by it’s nature can escalate into physical maltreatment† (Gershoff and Larzelere). Child abuse can be defined as â€Å"Physical, sexual, or emotional ill treatment or neglect of a child especially by those responsible for its welfare† (dictionary.com). Child abuse researchers suggest that physical punishment increases a child’s chance of developing a mental illness, incites antisocial behaviour, and stunts intellectual growth. The psychological effects of corporal punishment directly influence to a child’s mental and emotional stability. Corporal punishment is permanently damaging to a child’s development, and should be considered child abuse. Corporal punishment increases a child’s chance of developing a debilitating mental illness, specifically those caused by internalising problems, such as depression and anxiety (Smith). By using Ivan Pavlov’s theory of Learned Reflexology, it can be deduced that the high anxiety levels of children who have been routinely punished by a physical means is caused by the expectation of being stricken. It was â€Å"found that the stress of corporal punishment shows up as an increase in post-traumatic stress symptoms such as being fearful that terrible things are about to happen and being easily startled†(ScienceDaily). Physical punishment produces a large amount of stress and feelings of hopelessness in a child, leading many adults who were corporally punished in childhood to develop anxiety-related mental illnesses. â€Å"According to Strauss (1999), mental health problems are associated with physical punishment due to their being an outcome of the suppression of childhood anger associated with being hit by adults who children depend on for love and nurturance†(Smith). The main role of a guardian in a young child’s life is to protect and provide for the youth and, through corporal punishment, the child-parent relationship is damaged, producing children with antisocial tendencies. By using corporal punishment as a means of discipline, a child learns to distrust parents or other guardians, resulting in antisocial behaviour. When an adult the child trusts implements corporal punishment as a means of discipline, feelings of hostility and betrayal develop. This hostility is a result of the duplicity of a parent’s role to protect the child, causing many children to feel as though their parents and others dislike them. Said an adult who had been physically punished for delinquent behaviour as a child, â€Å"My parents were very strict†¦I was basically very good and I was hit frequently†¦It made me go out and do the same thing again, what I’d been smacked for. The message I got from them when they hit me was not ‘what you’re doing is bad, don’t do it again’. The message I got was ‘we don’t love you’.†(Smith). When rule-enforcing figures disappear, delinquent behaviour emerges, suggesting, â€Å"that parental corporal punishment erodes the parent–child relationship and in turn decreases children’s motivation to internalize parents’ values and those of the society, which in turn results in low self-control (Hirschi, 1969)† (Gershoff). Corporal punishment does not stimulate reasoning skills in a child, resulting in low-self control, as mentioned, and thus a shorter span of cognitive ability. Intellectual development begins when children are very young, and by using corporal punishment as a means of instruction, a child’s intellectual development is permanently damaged. A child that is spanked in the first grade is proven to score 5 IQ points lower than a child that was not spanked at all (Talawar, Carlson, and et al). Studies show that â€Å"[c]hildren in a school that uses corporal punishment performed significantly worse in tasks involving â€Å"executive functioning† – psychological processes such as planning, abstract thinking, and delaying gratification – than those in a school relying on milder disciplinary measures [†¦]† (Talawar, Carlson, and et al ). Executive functioning tasks require self-control, a skill that children who have been disciplined physically, as opposed to with reasoning and explanation, do not have. â€Å"Thus, poorer cognitive outcomes may result if parents who physically punish their children make less use of inductive methods of discipline, such as explanation and reasoning- procedures that are likely to enhance cognitive growth† (Smith). By contemplating the effect of an action and the whether or not the action is appropriate, children exercise executive functioning processes, which will give a child the skills to contemplate problems of academic or real-world nature. Corporal punishment has a permanent, negative effect on a child’s future mental stability, sociability, and intellectual potential. The Canadian Human Rights Act says that, â€Å"the prohibited grounds of discrimination are race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, disability and conviction for which a pardon has been granted†( RSC 1985, c H-6). The continuation of corporal punishment in modern society, â€Å"encourages a view of children as less worthy of protection and respect for their bodily integrity based on outdated notions of their inferior personhood† (Barnett). 51% of Canadians do not feel that the physical punishment of a child is right or just (Barnett), and believe that it should not be used as a parenting technique. Corporal punishment’s damaging effect on a child’s psychological well-being, both in child and adulthood, proves that it is a form of abuse. There are alternative parenting techniques that are proven to produce better results, and encourage the progress of a child’s development. â€Å"Children are one third of our population and all of our future,†(quotegarden.com). Should the future not have the right to the same amount of protection as their predecessors? Works Cited: Barnett, Laura. Parlaiment of Canada. Law and Government Division. The Spanking Law: Section 43 of the Criminal Code. Ottawa: , 2008. Web. . â€Å"Children who are Spanked Have Lower IQs, New Research Finds. ScienceDaily. 24 Sep 2009: n. page. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. . Gershoff, Elizabeth. Corporal Punishment by Parents and Associated Child Behaviors and Experiences: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review. endcorporalpunishment.org. American Psychological Association, 2002. Web. 21 Jan 2012. . Gershoff, Elizabeth, and Robert Larzelere. Is Corporal Punishment an Effective Means of Discipline?. American Psychological Association 26 06 2002. n.pag. American Psychological Association. Web. 23 Jan 2012.

The European Conquest of the Americas Essay Example for Free

The European Conquest of the Americas Essay One of the primary reasons for exploration was the search for the Northwest Passage, an imaginary path that could be used to reach Asia without having to go around Africa, or through the Middle East. The Panamanians proved that travel was possible around Africa with a new kind of boat that utilized wind better, but the Spaniards and other Europeans were more interested in a more direct approach to reaching Asia. So they began to head westward. The Queen of Spain commissioned Christopher Columbus to lead an expedition westward to reach Asia, and he instead stumbled upon the most successful failure in history, The Americas. He reached the islands of the Bahamas, and thinking that he was indeed in the Indies, he named the inhabitants Indians. Ironically, after making the greatest discovery of the past millennium, his tombstone marked him as a failure, due to the lack of the Northwest Passage. Once the queen of Spain realized the goldmine (quite literally), that was before her, she sent basically an entire army of conquistadors to seize the assets of the natives, and secure it for the Spanish empire. The three â€Å"G†s are what the Spanish conquistadors sought after. God, Gold, and Glory, all of which they could find in the native inhabitants possession. They â€Å"harvested† the souls of the natives by converting them (whether they liked it or not) to Catholicism, and at the same time, took all of their gold and silver, and for this cultural rape, they got their precious glory. Even though the natives were devastated by the diseases brought by the Europeans, and the loss of all natural resources, and the loss of culture, and the loss of their religion, language, land, and dignity, they submitted to the conquerors. Now let’s discuss for a little bit, the real discoverers of the new world, who aren’t credited for the discovery, but definitely should be. There are many different accounts of why Lief Ericson traveled to the new world, but the end result is always the same, no matter what version of the story you hear. He arrived in this beautiful land filled with plenty of grapes and lush forests and named the new land Vinland (after the amount of grapes). He made a small settlement that only lasted for 2 years, and then returned back to Greenland. It was recorded in sagas by the nords and in folklore, but still by most, Columbus is given credit for the discovery. After the nords and the Spaniards came the English. The English settled the new world for land. Some were looking for new land to farm and harvest crops with, some were searching for freedom from religious persecution, and others were just looking to start a new life in a new place. They didn’t arrive there planning on turning their backs on the crown, or disobeying the empire in any way, and up until the last few years that the 13 colonies were under British rule, there was no need to revolt. The new English settlers were still under the empire’s control, however, the colonies and settlements were for the most part self-governing, and relatively independent. The only problems arose when the crown decided to impose taxes on the colonists that were unfair and unjust and the colonists got sick of it and decided to lead a full-fledged revolt against the thrown, resulting in massive bloodshed and an entirely new nation with a unique constitution compiled from bits and pieces of other nations constitutions and blended with perfect harmony to create our United States of America. So, really there were many different reasons for the exploration, settlement , and conquest of the new world, and all of them came from different nations. All in all, the outcome was the creation of several new nations which would all eventually break away from the nations which brought them to be. Some would become super powers and others would become 3rd world countries, but without the voyages made by the Spaniards and Nords and English, we wouldn’t have any of this.

The Fast Approval Article Submission Directories Marketing Essay

The Fast Approval Article Submission Directories Marketing Essay Article submission is one of the  best technique  in Search engine  optimization  and Social media optimization to share information on any product or services. Through submitting your articles, you can easily get more  backlinks  and web traffic for your website without  paying for it.  You just have to  register  in the article directories and submit your  write-ups. Below is the top 10  fast approval article submission directories   Amazines.com   The most comprehensive article database site for free submission. And free and easy for the publisher to use articles on their web pages and include them in ezines and other publishing mediums. Ideamarketers.com   An online PR and free content source for a long time now. With the back link, you will also get a good traffic too! Pubarticles.com  Ã‚  A very nice user interface that  help  you managing your write-up in an easy way. You are also allowed to place link in the body using  BBCode. Goarticles.com  Ã‚  This site changed a lot from period.  A very old article directory site with instant approval for your article. Earticlesonline.com  Ã‚  A fast growing article submission directory but useful when you have to submit your article instantly. Articlesnatch.com  Ã‚  An article directory with a simple and fast submission interface. Articlesnare.com   A  free article submission site to share your articles. Also provide widgets that allows you to publish fresh articles on your site, blog etc. easily with a single click. Articlebase.com   An  another popular directory for free and instant article submission for freebacklinks  and traffic to the website. Articlerich.com  Ã‚  This website offers publishers and webmasters an avenue to get their articles published instantly. Articlepool.com   An another  fast growing article  directories  for an instant article submissions approval. And thanks to all these above article directories owners to make wonderful and useful spaces on web. text 2 Article Submission Sites Important For  SEO Service Posting your content  articles to different article  submission  websites is an  essential  technique to boost the position of your site in the results pages of search engines. This may be a tedious and wearisome task if you complete it manually. Realizing how to use article submission is an essential action in doing the method simpler. It will help you use the time you spare for some other important routines to improve your online marketing campaigns.  Make certain hyperlinks to your site are embedded in the content articles that  youre submitting to the  directories. One benefit of this  tactic is that individuals who happen  to take a look at your articles in these websites and also like them may click  the link and check out your website.  Another benefit is thehyperlinks  in the articles and other content will function as one-way links. This plays an important role incalculating  the rank of your web page in the results pages. If you would like the internet to assist you set up your website and your companys credibility, you have to publish some of your unique, quality content to the top article submission sites. There are literally thousands  of these sites, article directories and document submission portals.  However, only a few is sufficiently  recognized  and highly regarded to provide you with real benefit. As the search engines allocate credibility and subsequent rating according to the links that occur from site to site, it follows that if you have a back link from a credible authority site directing at your webpage, you will gain a certain  value  out of this. Some people  contend  that the actual  page  where your article was published is on the top article submission site and is not really as powerful as the directorys homepage. Article marketing is related to the distribution of highly targeted content material to the top article submission sites on the internet.  Your articles will be available for other website owners to  publish or  access through these sites. So you initiate a significant back  hyperlink  to your website when theyre posted.  Write unique variants of each article and avoid duplicate content when publishing. Otherwise you cant expect to get more than one result on a typical search results page, when people look for your keyword. This is because the search engines will  lump  together all the duplicate content articles found. Therefore, send variants  to the peak article submission sites at all times. It is certainly true that article marketing can represent a big commitment and a lengthy task. Look for proven and prominent organizations to take on this work for you. In turn, they will research the task, compose the articles, the variants, and the resource box and then monitor the back link generation, distribution and the submission of the report to you. You have to  maintain  a really high  standard  if the top article submission sites are to take your projects for publication. Among the thousands of article directories on the web, a good number of them are usually market  dedicated,  or might be of interest if you operate within a particular  category.  If you distribute, you should remember that each article published  ought to be unique  and this is how you make the most gain. While the top article submission sites will be the  highest viewed and stand to get  you the greatest  quantity of hits, youre going to get  a back link from each directory that publishes your work. text 3 Top 10  Article Submission Sites For Marketing Ebooks If you are  marketing  ebooks with articles,  you will need to  review  the article directories you will use for your submissions. Generally you will use the  Google PageRank  of a site and its  Alexa ratings  to decide if a site is  a top  site or not. Google PageRank  is the value  Google  assigns to sites to determine their relevance to searches performed on  Google. Alexa  ratings are based on the number of  Alexa  toolbar users who visited a specific site; it does not measure total internet traffic, but can give you  an idea  of the traffic on a site. The lower an  Alexa  rating is, the more popular that site is, to  Alexa toolbar users. Based on these, the top  10  article directories submission sites you may want or need for marketing your ebooks  are 1. EzineArticles.com   2. Buzzle.com   3. GoArticles.com   4. ArticleDashboard.com   5. IdeaMarketers.com   6. SooperArticles.com   7. Amazines.com   8. ArticleCity.com   9. ArticleRich.com   10. iSnare.com Bear in mind that this will likely change over time though, if more or less  Alexa toolbar users  visit each site or  Google changes the PageRank  of any one of the sites. There are lots of sites on the internet that provide for  free,  a listing of article directories with their  Google PageRank and Alexa  ratings on a weekly or monthly basis or so, you may want to use them to keep track of these information. In addition to the Google PageRank  of a site and its  Alexa  ratings, for effective article marketing you will also need  to figure  out the specific targets each article directory  focuses on.  And will also have to  find  out, if the specific  categories  that are related to your  niche  are available on each directory. You may  previewthe top articles in your  categories  across several article sites to have an idea of  popular article topics,  you may create for your  promotions too. You may also want to know the rules governing  each article directory to know how to write for them. You may submit your articles to the top  5-10  article directories first and then  get a list of the next top  30 or more directories  to submit to, too.  You may get this list for free on the internet  also.  The more top article directories you submit to, the better your results are likely to be.  Your ebook marketing efforts will greatly pay  off,  if you use article submission software  with the promotion of your ebooks. With ebooks, just like any other  product  you will sell online, you may need to  promote  with lots of articlesconsistently  for some time to get some good results, trying to do this manually may not be ideal.  Article submission software will not only help you to get your articles to more sites  quickly,  it will also free you up for other tasks in your online  business. Marketing ebooks through  articles can be  effective  if you create the right content, choose the  best  article directories for your  promotions, automate  your submissions and  consistently  track your article marketing results to know where to  optimize next. text 4 The article writing   posting of them  on any free  article submission directory constitutes  an importantoptimization process which is popularly known as article marketing these days. When quality articles arewritten  on your website service or products get published on free article directory it can drive  hugetraffic to your website  faster.  Most of the search engine optimization marketing  professionals  use this free article submission service as an  effective technique  to bring a  boost  in website traffic. At first you have to write  certain keyword targeted articles on a wide  variety of topics or products covered in any of your website pages, squidoo lens,  blogs or other online advertising forms provide them with aURL  for enabling users to jump over to the site  in case  they feel interested. Your article should be well written   devoid of any  grammatical or spelling mistakes. According to some grammar hardly matters if your writing makes some sense. But it is not true   you have to maintain the proper standard  for writing. Free article submission has huge potential for traffic generation. Its result depends purely on the articles which are written with an intention to deliver user more details about your website service or its product. Since a genuine article gives more information about the company profile, it can lead to your brand awareness among users make them purchase from your site. But if users dont find your articles in good taste then they will run away from there itself bringing a drastic fall in the website traffic. It would be better to hire a professional writer who will help you develop SEO friendly content for submission in free article directory that are available online. Surprisingly, you will start to mark a difference in your website traffic. The article  marketing has great relevance in  SEO these days.  The free article submission directory is seen helping many  webmasters  drive targeted traffic to their websites. While submitting to free article directory, the article submission form shows  up a resource box  where the article submitter has to give alink  to the site he/she is working for. It will direct the reader to a relevant page of the website  relevant  to that of the theme of the article. After doing  all this, your article is now  ready  for submission to free article directory. You have to  search for   find out a  good  list of free article directories where you can  start  submitting your articles. Prior to posting  make sure that your  article confirms  to the submission  guideline  otherwise all your efforts  may just go  waste. You need to see a lot  many  things such as  allowance  of HTML formatting, inclusion  of hyperlinks inside the body of article content, maximum number of  links  contained in the article resource  box   last but not the least is the minimum article  length that is found  mentioned in every free article submission directory guideline. Once  approved  and published, your articles will start  bringing  instant benefits for the website in the following manner: An article will  pass PR (Page Rank) from the article directory page where it gets published to your website  link  given in the resource section. By following proper SEO content writing rules, your published articles may attain top ten Google ranking for certain mostly searched keywords thus drive huge traffic to your website. The free article directory displays published articles on a wide range of topic area. When users search for information on a specific topic your article gets visible in the search engine result page for that then there is high chance of users reading it clicking on your website link given below. Thus your article may bring you more number of potential visitors. A large number of AdSense sites are not only referring to free article submission directory sites but also using their article content for their own sites. With this, your website gets both ranking traffic through Google other major search engines. text 5 How to Find a Good Article Submission Service Its no secret that every author out there wants as many people to read their articles as possible. Many authors will dedicate a lot of time writing informative and illustrative prose, BUT its a different story when it comes to publishing and distributing their content. What is an Article Submission Service Anyway? This is  generally  a service you will have to pay for.  The basic workings of all services available are  simple.Your article will be  submitted  to many different article directories, saving  you the hassle  of manually uploading each article yourself. Services  vary from  computer automated systems to manual input services. Why would I want my Article posted to many Different Article Directories? The idea behind article  submission  services is that you will  receive  two or more inbound  links pointing backat your website or the website you are promoting in  return  for your content. The  theory goes  that the more links you gain the more favourably  Google  and its counterparts will see your site within the search results. Now this article will  require you to make  a choice: Either 1)  Follow  these instructions for finding a  Good  Article Submission Site or 2)  Ignore the instructions and learn why in the final section. 1)  Okay, Lets first look at some key factors that you should consider when choosing a submission service: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  If it looks like spam,  it most probably is  spam!  Avoid any sites that continually  pester you with  pop-up windows even though you just closed the  last  window. If the service provided was good enough then this type of  over-selling  would definitely not be required. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Join in a couple of discussions on  relevant  forums and find out what people are  saying  about the servicesavailable.  This is a great source for  unbiased advice and up to date information. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Many reputable services will  offer you a month trial or a money back guarantee. Obviously take care withthese offers and read the small print before giving you  card  details over but this is a sign of a company with a good track record. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Testimonials can give you a good indication, although it is very easy for these to be bogus so be careful and dont put all your faith into a few customers comments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dont be afraid to get in contact with whoever is providing the service. If they display a telephone number theyre obviously willing to discuss the services available. If there is no telephone number or equivalent be more cautious à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Finally, go with your  gut.  Not the most  scientific advice  but once you have carried out some research  and feel set on a certain submission service, trust  your instincts and go with it. 2)  And now for the  part of this article  which will quite  uncharacteristically  advise you to ignore all theinstructions  above! After in  depth  research into the topic of the Best Article Directories  certain facts have become clear: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ At best there is only a handful of Article Directories that a worth submitting to: Its all very well having your article submitted to loads of article directories but you have to consider what you are getting in return. A link from a non-existent PageRanked site is pretty much worthless, regardless of the how many. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Links from a Directory with the  stature of Ezine  is thousands of times more valuable than many links from minor directories. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Google are savvy to  duplicate content and an article that has been submitted to  hundreds  of different directories will get  flagged  and will lose  any credibility.  The article will only ever show up on a highly regarded directory and any other links will soon be  disregarded.  Like a neurone pathway in the brain that isnt used it will  die,  so will your links. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Focus your time on creating  original content. Even consider the money that you were willing to pay submission services for, put towards employing someone to write more  articles! à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Choose your top  five  article directories and focus your  attention on them. A useful resource can be found here:  Best_Article_Directory text 6 Top 10 Google Ranking Use Ezine  Article Submission For Free, Natural Search Engine Optimization Worldwide internet marketers and owners of online businesses pay  a small fortune to market  their business on the web rather than using  natural search engine optimization  and  ezine  article submission to get  top 10  google  rankings. One very common form of getting  customers  to your business is by using pay per click marketing. Another traffic generator  that costs absolutely no money at all is natural search engine optimization through  ezine article submission.  This article will discuss the best way to use  ezine  article submission  for  natural search engine optimization  and  top  10 google  rankings through free  search engine optimization management. Many internet marketers spend tens of thousands of dollars every month using pay per click advertising traffic to their site. However, there is a much simpler and cheaper method (ie free) to get highly targeted website traffic through  natural search engine optimization  and  search engine optimization management. The best way to  get natural (organic) search engine optimization placement is by targeting keywords in your ezine article submission with low competing pages in Google. This represents a good guide for getting free natural search engine optimization traffic through effective search engine optimization. The best way to search for potential competition in Google  is to use search engine optimization  managementtools such as the overture tool, wordtracker,  the free keyword tool at Good Keywords  or the free tool at Digital Point.  If you are an  Adwords  user then you can log into their system  and search for competing phrases that way. You can also search for your competition directly on  Google.  This search engine optimization management involves simply doing a search in  Google  for the one word or if it is more than one word put the  keyword phrase with quotes around it. For effective search engine optimization management using  ezine  article submission, you need to find a product that has searches of at least  300-3000  per month plus has few competing pages on  Google.  If you can find 500,000  competition thats  okay, under 100,000 youre  onto a good thing, but under 40,000 competition and todays your lucky day  for search engine optimization management and natural search engine optimization. That being said, you can get traffic to a site with over 1 million  competing  pages, however, why make your life that  difficult  and delay getting  sales  when you can target some smaller but more targeted phrases that will result in free natural search engine optimization through  ezine article submission. Now not all ezine  article submission services or directories are  treated equally for the purpose  of natural search engine optimization and search engine optimization management. There are some  ezine  article submission directories that are  adored by Google. Some  of these are  Ezine  Articleshttp://www.Ezinearticles.com, Go Articles and Article Dashboard. The  reason why these  ezine  article submission directories are so highly  regarded by Google  is that their page rank is so high. Also, with  EzineArticles, every new article gets briefly listed on their home page  (currently page rank 6)  which means you get a brief  PR6  linking back to your site mentioned in your resource box. This is what makes natural free search engine optimization and search engine optimization management so easy through  ezine article submission.  This search engine optimization management causes good rankings extremely  quickly.  There is a  trick though to  achieving high natural search engine optimizationrankings  and that is  that  when you submit your article to any of  these ezine  article submission sites  that your article is unique. If its not you will be affected by a duplicate content penalty. Make sure that your target keywords are mentioned  frequently  throughout the article, particularly the beginning and the end, to achieve the best natural search engine optimization. Natural search engine optimization and search engine optimization  through ezine  article submission sites is  a wonderful  and easy way for people new to internet  marketing  or people with  little  or no money to invest in promoting their website to get  highlytargeted traffic to their website and  page one rankings on Google. text 7 Finding the Best Article Submission Services on the  Web   The easiest and most powerful way to maximize the power of your articles on the Internet is by using article submission services. No wonder they are one of the cornerstones of effective article marketing. What Is An Article Submission Service? An article submission service is a service which submits your articles to a wide range of article directories for you in exchange for a small fee. What normally happens is that you would go to each article directory and submit your article to them manually. For example, if you want to submit to  EzineArticles,  you would have to open an account there, log in and submit the article. If you wanted to do the same thing in  Go Articles,  you would follow the same process. This is obviously a time consuming process and this is where article submission services come in  handy.  They perform the whole submission process on your behalf at hundreds of article directories. You submit once and they do all the work for you. Why You Need To Submit To Article Directories On The Web? When you submit an article to an article directory on the Web, this represents a link back to your website (more commonly known as backlinks). In general, the more backlinks to your website, the higher your website ranking will be in the search engines. And the better you rank, the more traffic your website gets and the more sales you can make. By submitting to many article directories, you can potentially create hundreds of links back to your website. The Duplicate Content Issue Major search engines such as  Google  have an algorithm which  penalises  those websites which copy content from other websites. As a result, there is a  fear  that if you submit the exact same article  to various article directories, that those backlinks will not be valuable in the eyes of the search engines and will not help your ranking much at well. This is in fact true. Nevertheless, the top article submission services out there ask that you write variations of your article so that it appears slightly different at each online article directory. A good article variation percentage is 30% (at the minimum). This allows you to overcome (or at minimise) the duplicate content issue. Which Ones Are The Best Article Submission Services? Ive used a lot  of article submission services in the  last 2 years as an Internet marketer,  and I can  safely  say that most of them  have not been great in terms of results and dealing with the duplicate content issue. Luckily for you,  you wont have to go through such a  tough learning and experimental curve. Ive found what I believe to the 2 best  article submission services  on the Web today. Submit Your Article (SYA) This article submission service allows you to submit your article to the major article directories  (such as EzineArticles and Go Articles)  as well as  publishers  on their network who are  constantly  looking for content. It has a system called Article Leverage which  allows you  to write variations of your article for distribution. It costs  $US47 a  month, which is  pretty cheap  compared to the  massive value you can potentially get. Article Marketing Automation (AMA) text 8 What Exactly Can an Article Submission Service Do For Your Company? The internet is definitely  one of the most effective and useful inventions ever. Since it first  appeared,  the internet has continuously evolved and grown  in order to  accommodate  the new technologies, that have been developed at an extremely fast  pace. Every single  day there are  thousands and tens of thousands  of websites that  pop up.  The most general uses for these websites include business ventures,  blogs and news sites. Although it is not a general rule, most website owners are trying to make a profit from their websites, but in most cases their websites operate in niches which are extremely competitive due to the large number of companies operating in them. A company that wants to make its presence felt on the internet, but also a private individual that wants to be the first one to bring international readers with certain information need to employ the help of professional companies that offer SEO services. There are currently several methods of optimizing a site in order for it to gain search engine visibility, improve sales and ultimately increase its profits. One of the most sought after SEO services available today, which by the way is also one of the first services of its kind, is the article submission service. With article submission services, website owners and brick and mortar companies can largely benefit in the sense that results show up relatively fast, and most importantly the costs for article submission services, and other SEO services of this kind are much lower than those required by pay per click campaigns and other similar services. Some of the primary  targets  of any companies  wanting  to increase their business  numbers  through the use of online websites  include  increasing their visitor count and their degree of  visibility.  These two aspects are  vital  to the success of any online business and articles submission is currently considered the best  road  to achieving those targets. With SEO services being part of search engine marketing or SEM,  basically any company, regardless of the sector it operates in  or  its geographical location can become a top player in any of the international markets with the help of article submission services  used in conjuncture  with other SEO services and search engine marketing services.  Sure there are other SEO services  that have proven to provide terrific  results, even on their own in certain niches, but the article submission service, given its simplicity and ease of deployment makes it the perfect choice. The article submission service  is not a miracle by any means; it cannot get a website to the highest peaks of success without some serious effort on the part of professional SEO services experts and companies.  Usually, experienced companies and experts create well targeted  campaigns  which incorporate article submission services and other SEO services such as press release submission services, social bookmarking,  private blog advertising, and numerous others.  The two most important factors of article submission services are  quality and  quantity. First of all, the articles  being  submitted must be  exceptional,  and secondly these articles must be submitted to a large number of directories  in order to be fully effective. text 9 HOME  Ã‚ »Ã‚  Internet and Businesses Online  Ã‚ »Ã‚  SEO   Article Submission Services By A SEO Company Any website that  aims to appear in the  search engine results must take the help of an SEO company, which provides all the services for the website helping it to become more popular.  Article Submission services by a SEO company are  among  the best services for a website that help it to  get listed  in the results of the search engine. Article writing is writing some data or information that is related to the content of the website or products and services of a company. These are then submitted  to the popular article submission directories will help in  the search engine  optimization of the website. The main aim of the  article submission services  by an SEO company is to create back links to a website in order to get it higher up in the rankings. The most important factor  the website owner  has to keep in mind is that the articles are related to the type or content of the desired back link. A link goes in the footer of the article which has a link to the relevant website. An article submission services help the website in many  ways. After the article is submitted, the page andback links  generated help to increase the rank of the business related website in the results of search engines. Since the link is in the footer of the article the link is from a related website on text, providing a powerful back link. Another  important advantage a company can enjoy with this service provided by an SEO Company, is that the  particular  owner of the website will be  established  as an expert in their sector. Providing  valid information and details about the topics  the website is involved  in  will help them to become more established in their market. This will increase the trust of the clients towards the company and they willtake time to  visit the company website. The articles  to be submitted must  be original  and should be rich with  all the contents of the  subject which is targeted. The main keywords which describe the  website  of the company should be used in the articles.Your SEO Company will  have  experience in this field and  should write from scratch all the articles submitted.There are many online directories  where you can submit your articles,  you should remember that it is better a unique article is submitted  to all. If you are not performing article submissions in your niche, then you run the risk of being left behind. text 10 Many article marketers, unfortunately, absolutely  despise writing, and the idea of  sitting in front of  the computer for hours on end  trying to write  multiple content is agony to them.  An even bigger source ofannoyance  is when they have to manually submit these articles to different directories, which can be a time-consuming task.  However, the good news  is that for writers like these,  an alternative solution exists in the form of auto-submission. It is no wonder that this form of article submission is so popular with many article marketers today its simple, convenient, hassle-free, and best of all, fast! There are also a lot of companies offering these services on the Internet today, and all you have to do is look them up in search engines like Google. How about having your content published in highly-ranked websites? Here are the things to keep in mind: 1. Avoid duplication, as Google will absolutely hate you for it. Therefore, submit 1 piece of unique and freshly-written content to around a couple or so directories. 2. Do a dry run first! Dont try to submit them all at the same time. Try doing it with one high-ranking site first, and if you dont encounter any problems with it, then try another website and re-submit. Here are a few handy tricks to keep up your sleeve when you decide to get started with article auto-submission: 1. Ge

SHOULD WE FAVOR DRUG LEGALIZATION Essay examples -- essays research pa

SHOULD WE FAVOR DRUG LEGALIZATION? In the article â€Å"Drug Policy and the Intellectuals,† William J. Bennentt, chides intellectuals who believe drugs should be legalize. Bennett challenges his audience , by attacking intellectuals. However Bennett tries to win over his audience of intellectuals in two ways: by calling upon their talents and by attacking on the arguments of intellectuals who favor legalizing drugs. .He shows an understanding of others’ viewpoints by addressing points of opposition several times during the article. Bennett demonstrates knowledge of the subject by supporting his points with examples and facts. In his opening remarks, Bennett comes close to insulting his audience of intellectuals by referring to those he is attacking as "they" (617 ). Early in the speech, he diplomatically praises some intellectuals, especially in medicine and science, who are using their talents to combat the drug problem. Bennett makes clear that his speech will not be politically partisan. Bennett will be criticizing intellectuals, whether on the left or the right, who hold either or both of these views: that the drug problem can be solved by legalization and that the problem is so hopeless we should give up trying to fix it. Although some of Bennett's coun...

Special Education and Inclusion Essay -- essays papers

Special Education and Inclusion Many people seem to look past how learning-disabled students would feel to be placed in a mainstream classroom which includes students without disabilities rather than go to class in a segregated/special education classroom with only other students who also have learning disabilities. There are many researches constantly going on studying the effects of inclusion in classrooms to see if learning-disabled students achieve better in mainstream classes. Students with learning disabilities feel better about themselves when they are included in classes with their peers who don’t have learning disabilities. Some terms regarding inclusion education should be clarified so that a person who is not knowledgeable about special education will have a better understanding. Inclusion and mainstreaming in class rooms can be switched around to mean the same thing. Essentially, these terms mean the process of putting students with special learning needs into â€Å"regular† classes with non-disabled peers. Resource classes, which used in a typical educational setting for learning disabled students, are classes that are for special needs students only. Just like inclusion and mainstreaming, learning disabled and special needs can be used interchangeably. Students with disabilities have educational rights under a special law called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which mandates that students with disabilities have a free and appropriate education (Curry School of Education, n/d). The law requires that special needs students should also be placed in the least restrictive environment (LRE) suitable for their needs(Curry School of Education, n/d). The LRE for some students is often the g... ...ed/resource classrooms and express their opinions on this matter. L., Peter and John (1994). Learning Disabilities. Retrieved April 24, 2003, from http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu States different legal requirements such as the IDEA and LRE laws, and percentages of learning-disabled students in mainstream classrooms. Meyer, Luanna (2001, March). International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. Vol.48, Issue 1. Studied different disabilities and inclusion classes. Wolfe, P., & Hall, T. (2003, March) Teaching Exceptional Children Vol. 35, Issue 4. Suggestions to teachers/parents that provides appropriate education for all children. (2001, November 5). Educational Issues Series. Retrieved April 25, 2003, from http://www.weac.org Definitions and laws for inclusion in education are mentioned here along with different court cases.

First Amendment Issues: Prayer In Public School Essay

Inclusion of prayer in modern American school schedule has been a controversial and highly debated issue during last several decades. When tragedy of the Columbine High School in 1999 occurred, in which twelve students and one teacher died, the issue of moral education and role of religion in the life of public education has been brought to an entirely different level. Right after the tragedy, The Wall Street Journal’s editorial page was alive with debate over an article written by syndicated columnist, Peggy Noonan. Writing about the â€Å"culture of death† of which the two shooters, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, were a product, she observes: â€Å"A man called into a Christian radio station this morning and said a true thing. He said, and I am paraphrasing: those kids were sick, and if a teacher had talked to them and said, â€Å"listen, there’s a way out, there really is love out there that will never stop loving you, there’s a real God out there and I want to be able to talk to you about him†Ã¢â‚¬â€if that teacher had intervened in that way, he would have been hauled into court† (Noonan, A19). Peggy Noonan agreed with the man’s observation and went on to write: â€Å"It occurs to me at the moment that a gun and a Bible have a few things in common. Both are small, black, have an immediate heft and are dangerous—the first to life, and the second to the culture of death† (Noonan, A19). The next day Peggy Noonan’s article was published , a reader by the name of Bill Bailey responded to Ms. Noonan’s editorial. In his letter to the editor, he commented: â€Å"I send my children to public school to learn reading, writing, and arithmetic. I do not send them to school to be lectured on the virtues of believing in a personal God†¦. Teachers have no business lecturing my children on the virtues of religion (Bailey, A19). One can conclude that prayer in school represent an important and pressing problem for contemporary America, not only from socio-cultural and public perspective but also from legal one. CASE ANALYSIS Case scenario #3 relates to the legal problems emerging from the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. According to it, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (First Amendment). In this way, any establishment or preference by the Congress or any other state authority of a national, state or local religion over another is prohibited. Same legal principle applies to the preference or establishment of non-religion over religion. According to the case scenario, Johnny, who is an atheist, objects the morning prayer held in the public high school he is attending as well as a prayer at his graduation. Assuming the dispute reaches the US Supreme Court, the decision will be make in the favor of Johnny and his parents on the both issues of dispute – morning prayer and prayer at graduation. The detailed analysis is provided below and is based on the First Amendment to the US Constitution, as well as US Supreme Court cases, particularly, Engel v. Vitale, Abington Township School District v. Schempp, Wallace v. Jaffree During Engel v. Vitale hearings, in a six to one vote, with two Justices removing themselves from the case, the Court declared the Regents’ Prayer unconstitutional for violating the First Amendment’s establishment clause, â€Å"because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of governmental program to further religious beliefs (Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962). Hugo Black delivered the majority opinion, which expressly rejected the district’s claims that that it met constitutional standards because the prayer was denominationally neutral and had a clear opt-out policy for students. According to Black, the establishment clause â€Å"is violated by the enactment of laws which establish an official religion whether those laws operate directly to coerce nonobserving individuals or not† (Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962). From this perspective, judgments that led to decisions made in Engel v. Vitale can be applied to the dispute between Johnny and his parents and Tree Stump High School, both regarding morning school prayer and prayer at graduation. By this logic, within the schoolhouse, school officials must protect the balance of freedom that the First Amendment allows concerning religious expression. They must protect the freedom of each student who wishes to speak out about matters of religion and protect those who prefer to say nothing at all about religion. Schools must not sponsor religious activities or express any opinion for or against a student who personally expresses a religious belief. Issues and the US Supreme Court logic emerged from Abington Township School District v. Schempp case also serve in favor of Johnny and his parents. The Schempp’s brief explained the opt-out policy gave the child a difficult choice â€Å"between an impulse to obey the parents’ wishes and the pressure to conform to his group. If the child yields to this pressure, the result is disobedience, a loss of respect for the parent and interference with the parent’s right to control in matters of religion. On the other hand, if the child obeys the parent, he suffers a loss of standing in his group† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). This statement reflects the situation Johnny found himself moving with his family to Tree Stump from Providence. Johnny is coming from family advocating atheistic beliefs, and that fact he moved into a very religious community should not violate his rights guaranteed by the US Constitution and make him adapt or loose â€Å"standing with his group. † According to the Abington brief the district’s statute â€Å"requires only that those who wish to do so may listen to daily readings without discussion or comment from a great work that possesses many values, including religious, moral, literary and historical† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963), They warned that a finding against the districts would set a dangerous precedent â€Å"whereby there could be eliminated from the public life of this nation all those customs and traditions that evidence the religious nature and origin of our country and are now and have long been cherished and accepted by a vast majority of the people† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). The presence of the opt-out policy sufficiently protected individuals’ religious rights and therefore, they saw no need for the Court to infringe upon America’s religious traditions. The position of Abington School District probably reflects the judgment of Tree Stump High School. However, as with Engel, the Supreme Court rejected the school districts’ arguments and by a vote of eight to one struck down all state laws mandating Bible readings. Justice Tom Clark focused on numerous judicial opinions, including Engel, in which the Court held that the government must remain neutral toward religion. Clark argued that not only did the establishment clause require such neutrality, but so too did the free exercise clause, which recognized â€Å"the right of every person to freely choose his own course with reference thereto, free of any compulsion from the state† (Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963). The US Supreme Court judgment in Abington Township School District v. Schempp favors the position of Johnny and his parents. Assuming high school graduation event was held outside the Tree Stump High School boundaries, the graduation prayer issue would not be regulated with rulings made in Abington Township School District v. Schempp and typical cases. The First Amendment protects a student’s right to express the faith without discrimination. It also forbids anyone from having a captive audience or forcing anyone to participate in any type of religious activities. Case Wallace v. Jaffree involved an Alabama state law that directed public schools to provide a moment of silence for meditation or voluntary prayer. A previous Alabama law mandated a moment of silence just for meditation, but in 1981 the legislature expanded the statute to include voluntary prayer. The Court determined that the clear intent of the law was to promote religion, and thus it must be invalidated. In striking down the Alabama law, the Supreme Court did not say that all â€Å"moment of silence† must be invalidated, but rather, the Court suggested that only those laws that either included clauses about prayers or whose legislative intent clearly called for a promotion of religion would be unconstitutional. According to the US Supreme Court ruling, â€Å"the State’s endorsement†¦of prayer activities at the beginning of each schoolday is not consistent with the established principle that the government must pursue a course of complete neutrality toward religion† (Wallace v. Jaffree 472 US 38, 1985). By this logic, the Supreme Court decision favors once again Johnny and his parents. At the same time, Johnny’s teacher offer to replace a morning school prayer with a moment of silence does not contradict neither the First Amendment to the US Constitution nor the Supreme Court rulings, as long as prayer and religion are not endorsed during it. WORKS CITED The First Amendment to the US Constitution, Available at , Accessed June 16, 2009 Noonan P. The Culture of Death,† The Wall Street Journal. 22 April 1999, A19. Bailey B. Don’t Blame Shooting on ‘Absent’ God, † † The Wall Street Journal. 28 April 1999, A 19 Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421, 1962, Available at < http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=370&invol=421>, Accessed June 16, 2009 Abington Township School District v. Schempp, 374 US 230, 1963, Available at < http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=374&invol=203>, Accessed June 16, 2009 Wallace v. Jaffree 472 US 38, 1985, Available at < http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/scripts/getcase. pl? court=US&vol=472&invol=38>, Accessed June 16, 2009

A socialist called J. B Priestley Essay

‘An Inspector Calls’ was written by a socialist called J. B Priestley. The play was set in1912 but was written in 1945. The play is a mixture of detective/thriller and a moral mystery play. Priestley was a very strong socialist who believed that community and society were very important: ‘We are responsible for each other’. He wanted people to live equally in a welfare state together. If we don’t we will realise this in ‘fire, blood and anguish’. He made us believe this quote because two world wars had already happened by the time he had written the play. The play was set in 1912 in and Edwardian era many things were happening around this time, The sinking of the Titanic, many strikes, the suffragettes and the build up to World War 1. Priestley uses a lot of dramatic irony most of which comes from Birling’s lines when he says that ‘war is impossible’ we know that he is wrong because war has already happened. In Stephen Daldry’s National Theatre Production the set symbolises the two different aspects of the play: The Edwardian townhouse in Brumley and 1945 in the background. A scene was shown from the Blitz (when Germany kept bombing England continuously). There are sirens going off and there are people dressed in 1940’s clothes and there is the Birling’s Townhouse in the background. When they show 1912 and 1945 it gives a better perspective on the irony for a modern audience. Priestley makes people understand what the world was like before we came. Priestley puts his aim across through the characters especially the inspector because his words and speeches are very dramatic and leaves the other characters thinking about what he said because his lines have a very big impact on them. He also makes the audience feel involved because he makes it relate to something that could happen in real life. His lines also builds up tension between the characters within the family he turns them against one another by making them all believe that each and every one of them are involved with Eva Smith’s death and that they all knew who Eva Smith was. For instance when Sheila finds out the Gerald was having an affair with Eva Smith behind her back because he lies to Sheila and tells her he was working she decides that she doesn’t want to get married to him any more ‘But just in case you forget – or decide not to come back Gerald, I think you’d better take this with you’ Sheila decides to give the ring back to Gerald. The inspectors closing speech makes the characters speechless abut what he has said. Sheila, Gerald and Eric are the only ones who are affected about what the inspector has said. Mr and Mrs Birling are worried about their status and about what people would think of them if they found out what had happened they don’t learn anything at the end of the play even though Sheila tries to explain to them ‘I tell you whoever that inspector was. It was anything but a joke. You knew it then. You began to learn something then. And now you’ve stopped. You’re ready to go on in the same old way’. Mr and Mrs Birling just think that Sheila is being silly.

Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review

Dhobighat and Kahaani Film reviews [Student Name] [Course Title] [Course Supervisor] Film reviews Introduction: The Indian film industry has never been popular for its art films. Art films in Indian cinemas usually try to portray a particular aspect of the Indian culture and norm. These movies avoid all the glitz and glamour normally found in Indian movies. No glitz or glamour usually restricts these movies to a low budget nor are these movies able to attract a large number of audience to the cinema.Directors that usually make such movies try to get a point across to the audience using the cinema screen to portray their view of a particular issue within the community. Dhobighat The movie starts off showing Arun (Amir Khan) moving into a shabby apartment in an old locality of Mumbai. The film depicts Arun as an artist who meets Shia (Monica Dogra) an American investment banker at one of his exhibitions. The two fall for each other and end up spending the night together.Shai expects A run would commit to their new found relationship but instead Arun makes it clear that he is not interested in a long term relationship and their night together was nothing more than a one night stand. Shai angry at Arun’s attitude leaves the apartment (Gurbaxani, 2011). This scene depicts a cultural trend that has greatly influenced the modern Indian society. Indian women are known to be conservative. They are forbidden to have premarital sexual relationships. However influenced by western culture, more and more Indian women have been engaging in premarital sex (Dhawan & Kurup, 2006).Spending the night with Arun highlights the western influence that has been a part of the Indian society for quite some time now. Whereas getting angry at Arun for his lack of commitment portrays the conservative Indian side that has been a tradition with in the Indian society. Munna (Prateik Babbar) is the laundry boy for Shai and Arun. Munna aspires to become a famous actor. Munna has a brother who has links to the underworld and his brother tries to use his links within the industry to try and get Munna a break even though Munna is against his brothers activities.Later on in the movie Munna’s brother is murdered probably because of his ties to the underworld (Gurbaxani, 2011). The movie in this scene highlights the underworld influence that has made its way to the Indian film industry. There have been many instances and incidents where mob bosses from the Indian underworld have funded and backed various producers. Anyone who has refused to work in mob backed movies has received threats and sometimes even been targeted by the underworld. Initially the mob bosses were just like any other fans of bollywood superstars.However all that changed when one of these mobsters started financing movies of an actress he fancied. Soon the rest of the underworld got on the idea. Refusal of banks to invest in Indian cinema forced the producers to accept offerings made by the mob b osses (Corliss, 2002). Munna arrives at Shai’s apartment to collect her laundry and the two soon become good friends. Munna offers to become her guide and in return Shai promises she would prepare a portfolio for Munna which he plans to send out to various producers. Munna soon starts developing feelings for Shai but is unable to express his feelings for her (Gurbaxani, 2011).India has been a country where people have been divided into different castes and creeds. From ancient times the caste system has defined the social, financial and economic lives of the Indian people. Marriage of an individual is limited to his or her caste, castes are defined by birth and a person’s caste decides the job that person is best suited for (Callaham & Pavich, 2011). The movie cites Munna’s lower caste and the difference of financial status as the main reasons as to why he doesn’t confess his fee lings to Shai. Meanwhile Shai gets obsessed wit Arun and starts stalking him .The building opposite to Arun’s apartment is under construction and the builder happens to be Shai’s father. Taking advantage of this fact Shai uses the building as a means to take Arun’s pictures without his knowledge. Arun on the other hand has his mind set on the tapes that belonged to the previous tenant of the house. The tapes contain messages from a woman named Yasmin (Kriti Malhotra) to her brother. Arun watches those tapes and soon starts drawing inspiration from them (Gurbaxani, 2011). It is normal for artists to draw inspiration from daily objects.Different artists gain inspiration from different day to day objects and people. These inspirations can be from friends, family or even a song they like (Barnett, 2012). The movie cites the tapes by Yasmin as a means of inspiration for Arun’s work. To make a living and promote his dream of becoming a movie star Munna works as a laundrier by day and kills rats for different localities by night time. On ce while taking some pictures Shai comes across Munna while he is on his night job working as an exterminator. Shai takes his picture while Munna is working. Angry and confused Munna makes a run for it.Arun watches the last video left by Yasmin in which she confesses that her husband is in fact having an affair and shows signs that she would probably kill herself. Feeling frustrated Arun leaves the apartment for good. Shai gets hold of Munna and asks him for Arun’s new address. Initially Munna hesitates and lies about not knowing the where abouts of Arun but eventually gives her Arun’s new address (Gurbaxani, 2011). The film depicts Yasmin as the narrator and uses her experiences of Mumbai to portray the famous landmarks of the city in a completely new perspective.The narration of Yasmin’s experiences gives Dhobighat the shape of a love letter written to the city of Mumbai. The movie uses various situations to provide a comparison of the physical and mental diff erences amongst the various sects of individuals living in Mumbai. An example is a scene from the movie in which Shai wants to conduct Munna’s photo shoot outside the studio. However Munna being a native of Mumbai does not find the sights and sceneries of Mumbai as fascinating as Shai does (Gurbaxani, 2011). Normally Bollywood films are very expensive and can cost up to $20 million (The Economist, 2000).Up until the 1990s the sets, costumes and special effects used were mediocre in quality. The popularity of Hollywood movies in India forced the directors and producers to improve the quality of their movies (The Economist, 2000). However Dhobighat cost a mere $1. 8 million a fact that astonished and amazed majority of Indian and international film critics (Pillai, 2010). Indian filmmakers find that shooting in foreign countries draws the public to the cinema. Various foreign locations have been used in the past to make the movie more appealing to the masses.Either film makers choose foreign locations to get away from the crowd or they argue that it is the need of the script that makes them choose those foreign locations. Incentives given to the indian film industry by the government also attracts various film makers towards the idea of shooting at foreign locations (Trivedi, 2012). Dhobighat was produced using guerilla techniques in which multiple localities of Mumbai were used to make the movie. The director Kiran Rao didn’t use any kind of set at all. Kiran wanted to Dhobighat to be a tribute to the people of Mumbai (OutlookIndia. com, 2010).Most of the parts in the film were in English something that troubled Kiran and Amir Khan. Majority of indian population had a hard time understanding English a factor that most likely would have affected the film’s business. The production team decided to dub the English scenes in Hindi (Pillai, 2010). The distributor of the movie for United States and India was UTV. UTV a subsidiary of Walt Disney h as been one of the major distributors of Indian cinema and has been one of the prominent entities in bringing Indian cinema to the world. The last decade or so has been the turning point of the company.UTV took up movies that changed the way movies were made in Bollywood. A number of these movies were hits. Peepli live, Rang De Basanti and Brfi are examples of some of the great films that UTV Motion Pictures have worked on. Senior Vice President at UTV Motion Pictures U. S. A dubbed the movie as being different to what Indian movie fans are used to. He was also critical about the reception the movie was going to get. Despite the Academy Awards taking place on the same date UTV released the movie on 21st January 2011 in United States and India.The release date couldn’t be delayed because India was hosting the world cup and the film crew wanted to release the film on the same date to prevent the production of pirated copies. UTV gave preference to the Indian fans because the mo vie mainly targeted the Indian audience. UTV were encouraged after the Dhobighat got positive response at the Toronto and London film festivals (Sydney, 2011). Dhobighat was a success at the box office. Despite everyone’s expectations Dhobighat was liked by the Indian population raking in more than $2. 6 million in India.The film did fairly well in United States, United Kingdom and Dubai making more than $780000. Internationally the movie did quite well making a whopping $1. 6 million. The success of Dhobighat pleased the lead star and producer Amir Khan. Amir Khan further commented and dubbed the movie as a success because of the type of movie it was. Kahaani The movie starts at Kolkata metro rail where a gas attack takes place killing the passengers on board. Fast forward a few years a pregnant woman named Vidya Bagachi (Vidya Balan) arrives in Kolkata from London during a religious festival.Vidya is a software engineer who is searching for her missing husband. During her v isit to the local police station Vidya meets Satyaki Rana Sinha (Parambrata Chatterjee) a police officer who agrees to help Vidya in finding her husband. The two visit National Data Center where Vidya claims her husband worked (Dhaniwala, 2012). In India the police are usually considered incompetent and inefficient. They have frequently been criticized by the mass population for not taking their jobs seriously, accepting bribes and folding after being pressurized by top officials.However the movie shows Indian police in a positive light and in particular the character of Rana playing the role of a true police officer and helping Vidya in her quest to find her husband (Pagnamenta, 2013). At the NDC office Vidya and Rana are perplexed when human resource department at NDC deny having employed Vidya’s husband. However the head of the human resource department suggests that Vidya’s husband resembles a lot like an ex-employee, Milan Damji (Indraneil Sengupta). The head of t he HR department is murdered by a hitman named Bob Biswas (Saswata Chatterjee) before she could share Damji’s records with Vidya.Vidya and Rana break into the records of NDC to get more information on Damji. While searching for Damji’s records Vidya and Rana have a close encounter with Bob. The two barely escape with their lives. Vidya meets an intelligence bureau officer Khan (Nawazuddin Siddiqui) who is investigating the gas attack of Kolkata. Khan warns Vidya about the dangers of the case and informs her that Damji is wanted fugitive who is the prime suspect of the gas attacks. Khan advises Vidya to back off and leave Damjee to the police. However Vidya completely ignores Khan’s advice and visits the address stated on Damjee’s records (Dhaniwala, 2012).Indians believe that when a woman sets her mind to it she can achieve anything for the sake of her husband. These acts of courage by women originate from the story in Ramayana of a king named Dasaratha a nd his queen Kaikeyi who showed courage in the face of fear and saved her husband from imminent death. The movie depicts Vidya in the same manner as Kaikeyi who besides the fact being pregnant is willing to risk her life and the life of her child to find her husband and ensure his safety. Kahaani isn’t the first movie to depict such actions from Indian wives.Over the years there have been numerous films that have shown Indian wives going to great lengths to protect and obey their husbands (Murthy, 2001). Upon reaching the stated address Vidya and Rana meet an errand boy working at a small tea shop. The errand boy recognizes Damjee and gives Vidya the name of R. Sridhar an officer of NDC who frequently visited Damjee during his stay at the apartment. Bob on the instructions of Sridhar makes an attempt on Vidya’s life but dies in the process. The examination of Bob’s phone gives Vidya and Rana an IP address.Vidya confronts Sridhar at his office. A scuffle breaks o ur between the two and Vidya eventually ends up shooting Sridhar. The death of Sridhar angers Khan who wanted Sridhar for questioning. Vidya procures a phone number from Sridhar’s computer and dials it. It is revealed that the number belongs to Bhaskaran K. (Dhritiman Chaterji) an Investigation Bureau officer and Khan’s superior. Vidya informs Bhaskaran that she has some sensitive documents left behind by Sridhar and threatens him that if he does not cooperate she could use those documents to send him to jail.Bhaskaran tells Vidya straight up that he is not associated with any of this. However a few minutes later Vidya receives a call asking for the documents in return for the safety of her husband (Dhaniwala, 2012). Suspecting the call was from Damji Vidya agrees to meet the caller at the place of his choice with Khan and Rana on her trail. The caller turns out to be Damji and during their talks Damjee attacks Vidya. Damji menacingly points his gun at Vidya who uses h er prosthetic abdomen; she was using to fake her pregnancy, to knock the gun out of his hand.Vidya kills Damji and flees the scene. It is later revealed that Vidya was in fact Arup Basu’s (Abir Chatterji) wife. Arup was killed in the gas attack and she had returned to India to seek revenge of her husband’s death (Dhaniwala, 2012). Again Kahaani isn’t the first movie where women have been shown seeking revenge for themselves or for the death of someone they loved. Bandit Queen is an example of such a movie where a poor woman who is raped and abused by high caste men in her village. She joins a gang of bandits and seeks revenge upon all who did her wrong.Another story is that of ek haseena thi where a man takes advantage of a simple woman and frames her for drug possession. Upon her release from prison she sets out t find the man who framed her to seek her revenge (rain singer, 2011). The film director and the co-writer of the script Ghosh had trouble finding prod ucers for Kahaani. His film Aladdin was a flop despite having a star studded cast and the producers were reluctant in investing in his future ventures. The idea of a pregnant woman as the lead actress and small time actors in supporting roles were also factors that discouraged the producers from financing the movie.The low cast of shooting in Kolkata and the small budget attracted Ghosh to the idea of shooting the movie in Kolkata (Zee news, 2012). The script writer Adviata Kala did some extensive research for the film. She based most of the story on her personal experience of the city when she was searching for her boyfriend. She stated that even though there was a difference in the culture and the language barrier existed the people were very hospitable and welcoming something that can be seen in the movie (Mitra, 2012). To prepare for her role Vidya Balan visited a doctor to consult about the prosthetic belly.Vidya also consulted her doctor of how a pregnant woman was to act and how what troubles would a pregnant woman normally face. Vidya claimed that she used to portray as a pregnant woman in her college days which helped her out in her out in the film (zee news, 2012). Like Kiran Roa Ghosh used the technique of guerilla filming for his movie. The director admitted that guerilla shooting in the busy city of Kolkata during the festival was not easy. Frequently the participants of the festival stare directly into the camera or in the faces of the actors (Movie Talkies, 2012).Ghosh shot different localities of Kolkata without the public’s knowledge. Ghosh thought it would be easier to shoot without any hassle brought on by the crowd and without the need of crowd control. The shooting of the film and of Durga Pooja festival was completed in 64 days. Ghosh wanted the character of Bob to be of a hitman that would easily blend into the crowd. Ghosh briefed Chatterjee over his role and told him to portray Bob as being polite. To make the character seem mor e believable Ghosh gave him a bald patch and advised Chatterjee to frequently rub his nails, as Indians believe rubbing ones nails prevents hair loss.Bobs character received remarkable praise from the critics and from the viewers. His famous one liner from the film became hit on the internet with individuals quoting him on different social networking websites. The young generation of India was really impressed by Bob and some of them even approached Ghosh with the idea of a graphic novel based on Bob. It is also rumored that some one has approached Ghosh with the idea of a television series based on the life of Bob (Mukherjee, 2012). The main distributors of Kahaani were Viacom 18 Motion Pictures.Viacom 18 Motion Pictures has been around for quite some time now dealing with Indian movies. Some of the famous movies that have done business with Viacom are Players, Son of sardar and Tanu weds Manu. The movie was a success at the box office. Initially during the first week the movie exp erienced a poor response. The film made $370000 in the province of Bengal in the time span of three days and during that time the seat occupancy rose from 47% on the first day to 94% on the third. The movie generated $4. 4 million in the first week passing its production cost of $1. million. By the end of the second week the movie made up to $7. 9 million in India alone. Box office India dubbed the movie a super hit just after two weeks (Box office India, 2012). Oversees the movie did reasonably well being able to generate the revenue of $1. 5 million from United Kingdom, United States, New Zealand, Australia, Pakistan and Malaysia. Hindustan times estimated that Kahaani had generated $19 million world wide within 50 days of its release (First Post, 2012). Kahaani’s success brought on a new trend among Bollywood producers and directors.Kolkata became a favorite location for the industry. The use of Kolkata as an opening scene was completely different from traditional Bollywoo d movies that had been using Mumbai and Delhi as their prime locations for shooting. The city’s colonial buildings and the hand rickshaws all added to the magnificent scenario that was presented by Ghosh in the movie. The release of the movie also had a significant impact on the tourism in Kolkata. In particular the guest house used by Vidya in the movie has attracted a lot of tourists (OneIndia. com, 2012).Ghosh plans to produce a sequel for Kahaani and use Vidya Balan as his lead actress in the same recurring role. The shooting of Kahaani 2 is to take place in 2013. The film industry has already seen the making of Kahaani in Tamil and Telegue. Conclusion The success of low budget art movies like Dhobighat and Kahaani shows a change in the trend that has been found amongst the Indian viewers. Viewers have now grown tired of all the love stories and senseless action movies that has been the recipe for a successful Bollywood movie. The viewers now want to watch movies that hav e a strong plot and have good stories.The success of Kahaani and Dhobighat despite their unknown actors is proof that indian viewers want to watch movies with a good plot. Expensive movies such as Agent Vinod and Rush are proof that a big budget and a star studded cast does not guarantee the success of a movie. Using real locations instead of expensive sets is another factor that separates Kahaani and Dhobighat from other movies. Instead of using foreign locations these movies opted to use popular areas of Indian cities to shoot their movies significantly reducing the budget needed for the movies.Art movies in the past decade or so have generated a great deal of revenue not only in India but overseas as well. List of References Barnett, L. , 2012. Top artists reveal how to find creative inspiration. [Online] Available at: http://www. guardian. co. uk/culture/2012/jan/02/top-artists-creative-inspiration [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Box office India, 2012. Agent Vinod Average Opening Kaha ani Extraordinary Week Two. [Online] Available at: http://boxofficeindia. com/boxdetail. php? page=shownews&articleid=4192&nCat= [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Callaham, T. amp; Pavich, R. , 2011. Indian caste system. [Online] Available at: http://www. csuchico. edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring98/india. htm [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Corliss, R. , 2002. Married to the Mob. [Online] Available at: http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,361780,00. html [Accessed 9 April 2013]. Dhaniwala, M. , 2012. Kahaani Review. [Online] Available at: http://www. koimoi. com/reviews/kahaani-review/ [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Dhawan, H. & Kurup, S. , 2006. Pre-marital sex: Girls like to keep mum. [Online] Available at: http://articles. timesofindia. ndiatimes. com/2006-10-24/india/27785487_1_report-sexual-debut-indian-women [Accessed 8 April 2013]. First Post, 2012. Kahaani: What’s the story behind the numbers? [Online] Available at: http://www. firstpost. com/bollywood/kahaani-whats-the- story-behind-the-numbers-253056. html [Accessed 10 April 2013]. Gurbaxani, A. , 2011. ‘Dhobi Ghat’ Is A Sparkling Debut. [Online] Available at: http://mumbaiboss. com/2011/01/21/%E2%80%98dhobi-ghat%E2%80%99-is-a-sparkling-debut/ [Accessed 8 April 2013]. Mitra, I. , 2012. Vidya's journey was my own: Advaita Kala. [Online] Available at: